Abstract: . . .  means that they prefer to attach the relative clause to the nearest (local) noun phrase. However, Cuetos and Mitchell (1998) showed that Spanish listeners have a different bias, preferring a reading in which the accident happened to the daughter, which means that they prefer to attach the relative clause to the highest noun phrase. This pioneering study set off a flurry of cross-language studies investigating putative universal constraints on sentence processing, resulting in the general conclusion that listeners behave as they should, with processing biases that are ap- propriate for the structural options and statistical distributions in their language (Mitchell & Brysbaert 1998, Thornton et al. 1998; but see Frazier & Clifton 1987). Other . . .
. . .  to describe an action-packed cartoon (Slobin 1996), the acquisition of spatial loca- tives (Bowerman & Choi 1994), and differential use to word order, semantics and grammatical morphology to assign agent-object relations in a “Who did the action?” task (Bates et al., 1999; Devescovi et al., 1998, Mac- Whinney & Bates 1989, Slobin & Bever 1982). Studies of aphasia from this perspective are summarized in Bates et al. (1991b). Studies of word and sentence processing in normal adults that treat language as a between-subjects variable are reviewed in MacWhinney & Bates (1989) and Hillert (1998). A second approach treats languages as experiments of nature, exploiting particular properties of a single target language to ask questions that could not . . .
. . .  Akhutina, T., Kurgansky, A., Polinsky, M., & Bates, E. (1999). Processing of grammatical gender in a three-gender system: Experimental evidence from Russian. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28 (6), 695-713. Alcock, K.J., & Ngorosho, D (2000). Grammatical noun class agreement processing in Kiswahili (Tech. Rep. CRL-0003). La Jolla: University of California, San Diego, Center for Research in Language. Aslin, R.N., Jusczyk, P.W., & Pisoni, D.B. (1998). Speech and auditory processing during infancy: Constraints on and precursors to language. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & D. Kuhn & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception & language (5th ed., pp. 147-198). New York: Wiley. Au, T., Dapretto, M., & Song, . . .
. . .  Akhutina, T., Kurgansky, A., Polinsky, M., & Bates, E. (1999). Processing of grammatical gender in a three-gender system: Experimental evidence from Russian. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28 (6), 695-713. Alcock, K.J., & Ngorosho, D (2000). Grammatical noun class agreement processing in Kiswahili (Tech. Rep. CRL-0003). La Jolla: University of California, San Diego, Center for Research in Language. Aslin, R.N., Jusczyk, P.W., & Pisoni, D.B. (1998). Speech and auditory processing during infancy: Constraints on and precursors to language. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & D. Kuhn & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception & language (5th ed., pp. 147-198). New York: Wiley. Au, T., Dapretto, M., & Song, Y.-K. . . .
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